Kalinowski, Angela

Fresco with Bull Jumping
Fresco depicting three figures bull-jumping., Dates to c. 1450-1400 BCE in the Final Palatial Period., Cartwright, Mark. "Minoan Bull Leaping." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Accessed May 10, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/image/396/
Fresco with Bull Jumping
Fresco depicting three figures bull-jumping., Dates to c. 1450-1400 BCE in the Final Palatial Period., Cartwright, Mark. "Minoan Bull Leaping." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Accessed May 10, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/image/396/
Fresco with Funeral Games
The five images in this series are from the south and north long walls of the same cist tomb, Tomb X of the Laghetto necropolis. They depict funerary games that were part of the rituals surrounding the burial of an elite man or woman in 4th century BCE Lucanian society., The images of boxing, chariot racing, duelling with weapons are interpreted as images of funeral games that were held in honour of the deceased. The images of the funeral games were painted on the two long sides of the tomb, occurred in tombs of both male and female deceased. They are comparable to the tomb paintings of Etruria in subject matter but the Etrurian examples cease at the end of the 5th century BCE. The tombs are of interest because some scholars have seen in the ones that depict men fighting with sharp weapons the origins of Roman gladiatorial combat, which originally took place in a funerary context., Potrandolfo, A., A Rouveret, M. Cipriani. The Painted Tombs of Paestum. 2nd ed. Paestum: Pandemos, 2004. Ville, G. La Gladiature en Occident des origines à la mort de Domitien. Rome: École française de Rome, 1981.
Fresco with Funeral Games
The five images in this series are from the south and north long walls of the same cist tomb, Tomb X of the Laghetto necropolis. They depict funerary games that were part of the rituals surrounding the burial of an elite man or woman in 4th century BCE Lucanian society., The images of boxing, chariot racing, duelling with weapons are interpreted as images of funeral games that were held in honour of the deceased. The images of the funeral games were painted on the two long sides of the tomb, occurred in tombs of both male and female deceased. They are comparable to the tomb paintings of Etruria in subject matter but the Etrurian examples cease at the end of the 5th century BCE. The tombs are of interest because some scholars have seen in the ones that depict men fighting with sharp weapons the origins of Roman gladiatorial combat, which originally took place in a funerary context., Potrandolfo, A., A Rouveret, M. Cipriani. The Painted Tombs of Paestum. 2nd ed. Paestum: Pandemos, 2004. Ville, G. La Gladiature en Occident des origines à la mort de Domitien. Rome: École française de Rome, 1981.
Fresco with Pompeii Amphitheatre Riot
Fresco depicting a riot at the amphitheatre in Pompeii. Figures are depicted fighting in and around the amphitheatre. The amphitheatre is depicted with the awning or vela as well as featuring the podium wall painted to resemble marble. This wall separates the arena from the spectators. Next to the amphitheatre is the palaestra. On a wall of the palaestra are two inscriptions, one in Latin and one in Greek., Fresco dates to c. 59 CE. The painting remarkably depicts a riot at the amphitheatre at Pompeii between the citizens of Pompeii and nearby Nuceria. The Historian Tacitus describes the event and its aftermath (Annals, 14.17). The Nucerians got the worst of it with many deaths and injuries. The result was that the Senate of Rome investigated the riot and banned gladiatorial shows at Pompeii for 10 years. The editor of the show, Livineius Regulus, and other instigators of the riot were exiled. The inscription in Latin translates as 'Good fortune to Decimus Lucretius' and the Greek inscription as 'Good fortune to Satrius Valens, Augustus Nero' (CIL IV 2993 x, y)., Tacitus, Annals, 14.17. CIL IV 2993 x, y. A.E. Cooley and M.G.L. Cooley, Pompeii and Herculaneum. A Sourcebook. 2nd edition. London and New York.
Fresco with Pompeii Amphitheatre Riot
Fresco depicting a riot at the amphitheatre in Pompeii. Figures are depicted fighting in and around the amphitheatre. The amphitheatre is depicted with the awning or vela as well as featuring the podium wall painted to resemble marble. This wall separates the arena from the spectators. Next to the amphitheatre is the palaestra. On a wall of the palaestra are two inscriptions, one in Latin and one in Greek., Fresco dates to c. 59 CE. The painting remarkably depicts a riot at the amphitheatre at Pompeii between the citizens of Pompeii and nearby Nuceria. The Historian Tacitus describes the event and its aftermath (Annals, 14.17). The Nucerians got the worst of it with many deaths and injuries. The result was that the Senate of Rome investigated the riot and banned gladiatorial shows at Pompeii for 10 years. The editor of the show, Livineius Regulus, and other instigators of the riot were exiled. The inscription in Latin translates as 'Good fortune to Decimus Lucretius' and the Greek inscription as 'Good fortune to Satrius Valens, Augustus Nero' (CIL IV 2993 x, y)., Tacitus, Annals, 14.17. CIL IV 2993 x, y. A.E. Cooley and M.G.L. Cooley, Pompeii and Herculaneum. A Sourcebook. 2nd edition. London and New York.
Funerary Stele of Gladiator, Anicetus
Marble funerary stele for the gladiator Anicetus shows him standing in an open doorway framed by the two door leaves. He stands frontally in a contrapposto stance with his weight balanced on his left leg. He wears a provacator helmet, a loincloth (subligaculum) and a small pectoral. On his left leg he wears a metal greave (ocrea) that goes above the knee. In his right hand he holds a short sword, and in his left a rectangular shield (scutum). Below is an inscription telling that his trainer put up the monument. The red paint in the letters is a modern addition, while the red paint in the filed around his image is ancient. D(is) M(anibus) Aniceto prov(ocatori) sp(athario or spectato?) Ael(ius) Marcion doc/ tor et primus (scil. palus) b(ene) m(erenti) f(ecit), Inscription translates to "To the infernal gods. Aelius Marcion doctor (trainer) and primus pilus (expert gladiator) made this monument for the well-deserving Anicetus, provocator spatharius (armed with a spatho or spectatus, seen by the people)". Dates to the second half the the 2nd century CE (Velestino, 2015)., Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarium (CIL) VI, 10183; Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (ILS) 5110. Junkelmann, M. Das Spiel mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren. Mainz, 2000, p. 92, 114-116 and fig. 167. Sabbatini- Tumolesi, P. Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell’ occidente romano I. Rome, 1988, p. 62 ff, no. 59. Velestino, Daniela. La Galleria Lapidaria dei Musei Capitolini. Rome, 2015. Cat no. NCE 109, p. 97 and fig. 72.
Funerary Stele of Gladiator, Anicetus
Marble funerary stele for the gladiator Anicetus shows him standing in an open doorway framed by the two door leaves. He stands frontally in a contrapposto stance with his weight balanced on his left leg. He wears a provacator helmet, a loincloth (subligaculum) and a small pectoral. On his left leg he wears a metal greave (ocrea) that goes above the knee. In his right hand he holds a short sword, and in his left a rectangular shield (scutum). Below is an inscription telling that his trainer put up the monument. The red paint in the letters is a modern addition, while the red paint in the filed around his image is ancient. D(is) M(anibus) Aniceto prov(ocatori) sp(athario or spectato?) Ael(ius) Marcion doc/ tor et primus (scil. palus) b(ene) m(erenti) f(ecit), Inscription translates to "To the infernal gods. Aelius Marcion doctor (trainer) and primus pilus (expert gladiator) made this monument for the well-deserving Anicetus, provocator spatharius (armed with a spatho or spectatus, seen by the people)". Dates to the second half the the 2nd century CE (Velestino, 2015)., Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarium (CIL) VI, 10183; Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae (ILS) 5110. Junkelmann, M. Das Spiel mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren. Mainz, 2000, p. 92, 114-116 and fig. 167. Sabbatini- Tumolesi, P. Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell’ occidente romano I. Rome, 1988, p. 62 ff, no. 59. Velestino, Daniela. La Galleria Lapidaria dei Musei Capitolini. Rome, 2015. Cat no. NCE 109, p. 97 and fig. 72.
Gem with Satyr
Gem engraved with a satyr standing like a boxer with inscriptions on either side of the figure., Dates to c. 1st-3rd century CE., British Museum. “gem.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=397676&partId=1&searchText=roman
Gem with Satyr
Gem engraved with a satyr standing like a boxer with inscriptions on either side of the figure., Dates to c. 1st-3rd century CE., British Museum. “gem.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=397676&partId=1&searchText=roman
Gem with Wrestling Erotes
Gem engraved with image of erotes wrestling., Dates c. 1st-3rd century CE., British Museum. “gem.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=397577&partId=1&searchText=roman
Gem with Wrestling Erotes
Gem engraved with image of erotes wrestling., Dates c. 1st-3rd century CE., British Museum. “gem.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=397577&partId=1&searchText=roman
Girl Holding Ball
Terracotta figure of a girl holding a large ball in her hands while seated., Dates to c. 350 BCE in the Corinthian period., British Museum. “figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=400308&partId=1&searchText=roman
Girl Holding Ball
Terracotta figure of a girl holding a large ball in her hands while seated., Dates to c. 350 BCE in the Corinthian period., British Museum. “figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=400308&partId=1&searchText=roman
Gladiator
Copper alloy figure of a Thracian gladiator wearing armour., Dates to c. 1st-2nd century CE., British Museum. “figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1365576&partId=1&searchText=glad
Gladiator
Copper alloy figure of a Thracian gladiator wearing armour., Dates to c. 1st-2nd century CE., British Museum. “figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1365576&partId=1&searchText=glad
Gladiator
Bone figurine of a Murmillo gladiator in armour holding a shield that depicts a gladiatorial combat scene., Dates to c. 1st-2nd century CE., British Museum. “figurine.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=811757&partId=1&searchText=murmi
Gladiator
Bone figurine of a Murmillo gladiator in armour holding a shield that depicts a gladiatorial combat scene., Dates to c. 1st-2nd century CE., British Museum. “figurine.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=811757&partId=1&searchText=murmi
Gladiator
Bronze figure of a gladiator wearing armour standing on a pedestal., Dating to c. 1st-2nd century CE, this figure was most likely mounted on a wagon. British Museum. “wagon-fitting/figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399750&partId=1&searchText=gladi, British Museum. “wagon-fitting/figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399750&partId=1&searchText=gladi
Gladiator
Bronze figure of a gladiator wearing armour standing on a pedestal., Dating to c. 1st-2nd century CE, this figure was most likely mounted on a wagon. British Museum. “wagon-fitting/figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399750&partId=1&searchText=gladi, British Museum. “wagon-fitting/figure.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399750&partId=1&searchText=gladi