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Amphitheatre at Paestum
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Paestum., Dates to c. 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE. Construction was done in two phases: the first in c. 1st century BCE and the second in the 2nd century CE when the material used was brick. Located near the Forum, it had four entrances, with evidence of reconstruction and changes made in later periods (Carpiceci: p.43), Bomgardner, David Lee. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2001. At University of Saskatchewan Library Online. http://lib.myilibrary.com.cyber.usask.ca/Open.aspx?id=32651
Carpiceci A.C. and L. Pennino. Paestum: Today and 2500 Years Ago. Salerno: Matonti Editore.
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Amphitheatre at Pompeii
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Pompeii., It was first built shortly after 70 BCE, and repaired after 62 CE when it was damaged in an earthquake, and then finally buried in the eruption of Vesuvius on August 24th 79 CE (Bomgardner 2001: p. 39, 40, 53). Walls of the arena were most likely decorated with frescoes in imitation of more expensive marble reliefs (Bomgardner 2001: p.43). These frescoes, dating originally to c. 62-79 CE, were discovered in 1815 and have since been destroyed; the images included victors, wreaths, the preparation of gladiators, and exotic beasts fighting (Dunbabin, 2016: p.177) Two large tunnels acted as entrances at the north and south, which entrances at the east and west had dedicatory inscriptions. The seating capacity of the whole amphitheatre was approximately 24,257 spectators (Bomgardner 2001: p.47). This amphitheatre is one of the oldest known stone amphitheatres (Starac, 2015: p.9)., Bomgardner, David Lee. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2001. At University of Saskatchewan Library Online. http://lib.myilibrary.com.cyber.usask.ca/Open.aspx?id=32651
Dunbabin, Katherine M. D. Theater and Spectacle in the Art of the Roman Empire. New York: Cornell University, 2016.
Starac, Alka. Cultural and Historical Monuments in Istria. 2nd edition, trans. By Milos Ilgo, Archaeological Museum of Istria-Pula, 2015.
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Amphitheatre at Pompeii
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Pompeii., It was first built shortly after 70 BCE, and repaired after 62 CE when it was damaged in an earthquake, and then finally buried in the eruption of Vesuvius on August 24th 79 CE (Bomgardner 2001: p. 39, 40, 53). Walls of the arena were most likely decorated with frescoes in imitation of more expensive marble reliefs (Bomgardner 2001: p.43). These frescoes, dating originally to c. 62-79 CE, were discovered in 1815 and have since been destroyed; the images included victors, wreaths, the preparation of gladiators, and exotic beasts fighting (Dunbabin, 2016: p.177) Two large tunnels acted as entrances at the north and south, which entrances at the east and west had dedicatory inscriptions. The seating capacity of the whole amphitheatre was approximately 24,257 spectators (Bomgardner 2001: p.47). This amphitheatre is one of the oldest known stone amphitheatres (Starac, 2015: p.9)., Bomgardner, David Lee. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2001. At University of Saskatchewan Library Online. http://lib.myilibrary.com.cyber.usask.ca/Open.aspx?id=32651
Dunbabin, Katherine M. D. Theater and Spectacle in the Art of the Roman Empire. New York: Cornell University, 2016.
Starac, Alka. Cultural and Historical Monuments in Istria. 2nd edition, trans. By Milos Ilgo, Archaeological Museum of Istria-Pula, 2015.
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Amphitheatre at Pula
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Pula., The amphitheatre was well situated on the main road by the sea on the north-east side of the city with a nymphaeum (public water supply) near by, making it easily accessible and sustainable for its 23,000 spectators (Starac, 2015: pp.12, 17). Construction began in the 1st century BCE and was completed by 80 CE and included a wooden gallery at the top and a tarpaulin (a cover that could be rolled over the entire amphitheatre when the weather was unfavourable), and a sanctuary for Nemesis on the east side of the main entrance (Starac, 2015: p.12, 29, 40). The arena measured 67.9 m by 41.6 m, contributing to the overall size of 132.5 m by 105.1 m (Starac, 2015: p.17). Built into the side of a hill, there were 20 vomitoria connecting 6 public doors and 2 doors for the gladiators and animals, as well as subterranean chambers located underneath the arena. (Starac, 2015: pp.23-24, 27). The surviving architectural decoration indicates that many of the stone blocks were carved with geometric, animalistic, and spiral patterns and that the honorary box was once decorated with a relief of the head of Hathor (Starac, 2015: pp.21, 28)., Britannica Academic. 'Pula' in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2017. Accessed September 20, 2017: http://academic.eb.com.cyber.usask.ca/levels/collegiate/article/Pula/61866
Oxford Reference Online. 'Pola' in The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture, 2007. Accessed September 20, 2017: http://www.oxfordreference.com.cyber.usask.ca/view/10.1093/acref/9780195300826.001.0001/acref-9780195300826-e-0793?rskey=PPjUFN&result=1
Starac, Alka. Cultural and Historical Monuments in Istria. 2nd edition, trans. By Milos Ilgo, Archaeological Museum of Istria-Pula, 2015.
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Amphitheatre at Rome (Colosseum)
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Rome. The building has three tiers, each of which facades are decorated with columns of the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian order of columns with an attic storey at the top (Bomgardner 2001: 9). The bottom arcades have Roman numerals carved into the tops. Underneath the arena were subterranean structures., Also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, the Colosseum was commissioned under the Emperor Vespasian in 72 CE, completed under Emperor Titus, and added on to by Emperor Domitian (Bomgardner 2001: 2). The Colosseum is located on the site of the lake of Nero's Domus Aurea (Bomgardner 2001: 4). The arena measured 76.96 X 46.18 m and the amphitheatre could seat approximately 54,760 people (Bomgardner 2001: 20-21). The numerals on the arcades corresponded with a ticket that spectators had, indicating which entrance to use (Bomgardner 2001: 6)., Bomgardner, David Lee. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2001. At University of Saskatchewan Library Online. http://lib.myilibrary.com.cyber.usask.ca/Open.aspx?id=32651
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Amphitheatre at Rome (Colosseum)
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Rome. The building has three tiers, each of which facades are decorated with columns of the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian order of columns with an attic storey at the top (Bomgardner 2001: 9). The bottom arcades have Roman numerals carved into the tops. Underneath the arena were subterranean structures., Also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, the Colosseum was commissioned under the Emperor Vespasian in 72 CE, completed under Emperor Titus, and added on to by Emperor Domitian (Bomgardner 2001: 2). The Colosseum is located on the site of the lake of Nero's Domus Aurea (Bomgardner 2001: 4). The arena measured 76.96 X 46.18 m and the amphitheatre could seat approximately 54,760 people (Bomgardner 2001: 20-21). The numerals on the arcades corresponded with a ticket that spectators had, indicating which entrance to use (Bomgardner 2001: 6)., Bomgardner, David Lee. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2001. At University of Saskatchewan Library Online. http://lib.myilibrary.com.cyber.usask.ca/Open.aspx?id=32651
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Amphitheatre at Salona
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Salona., The amphitheatre was built c. 170 CE and later renovated in the 3rd century CE (Bombgardner 2001: 197). This amphitheatre was used throughout the early fourth century CE and survived until the 13th century CE (Bombgardner 2001: 197). The arena measure 64.30 X 40.20 m, and the amphitheatre could seat approximately 13,380 before the renovation and 25,172 afterwards (Bomgardner 2001: 197). Inserted beneath the bays of the facade were chapels, including one for the deity Nemesis (Bomgardner 2001: 198)., Bomgardner, David Lee. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2001. At University of Saskatchewan Library Online. http://lib.myilibrary.com.cyber.usask.ca/Open.aspx?id=32651
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Amphitheatre at Salona
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Remains of the amphitheatre at Salona., The amphitheatre was built c. 170 CE and later renovated in the 3rd century CE (Bombgardner 2001: 197). This amphitheatre was used throughout the early fourth century CE and survived until the 13th century CE (Bombgardner 2001: 197). The arena measure 64.30 X 40.20 m, and the amphitheatre could seat approximately 13,380 before the renovation and 25,172 afterwards (Bomgardner 2001: 197). Inserted beneath the bays of the facade were chapels, including one for the deity Nemesis (Bomgardner 2001: 198)., Bomgardner, David Lee. The Story of the Roman Amphitheatre. London: Routledge, 2001. At University of Saskatchewan Library Online. http://lib.myilibrary.com.cyber.usask.ca/Open.aspx?id=32651
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Amphora with Atalanta and Peleus as Wrestlers
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Black-figure neck amphora depicting Atalanta and Peleus wrestling surrounded by three onlookers. Atalanta, as the only female figure, is depicted in white while the male figures are all painted black., Dates to c.500-490 BCE.
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Amphora with Atalanta and Peleus as Wrestlers
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Black-figure neck amphora depicting Atalanta and Peleus wrestling surrounded by three onlookers. Atalanta, as the only female figure, is depicted in white while the male figures are all painted black., Dates to c.500-490 BCE.
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Amphora with Athlete
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Black-figure amphora depicting a nude male, possibly an athlete, carrying a bronze tripod., Dates to c. 550 BCE. Tripods were often used as prizes for athletic competitions., Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Terracotta amphora (jar)." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Online. Accessed November 15, 2017. http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/254871
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Amphora with Athlete
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Black-figure amphora depicting a nude male, possibly an athlete, carrying a bronze tripod., Dates to c. 550 BCE. Tripods were often used as prizes for athletic competitions., Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Terracotta amphora (jar)." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Online. Accessed November 15, 2017. http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/254871
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Amphora with Athletes
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Red-figure amphora. On one side three nude male athletes exercising. The figure on the left is a discobolus holding a discus; the figure in the center is preparing to throw a rod; and the figure on the right is a boxer preparing for a match. An inscription surrounds the central figure: 'ΛΑΔΑMΑΣ, Λαδάμας' on the right, 'Φ]άϋλλος' on the left, and 'KA', 'ΛΟΣ', and 'καλός' above him. On the other side Apollo, Artemis and Leto are depicted with a deer and panther standing behind them. Apollo's name is inscribed on the right: 'APOΛΛONOΣ, Άπολλώνος'., Dates to c. 520-500 BCE., British Museum. “amphora.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed July 5, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399175&partId=1&searchText=sport&page=86
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Amphora with Athletes
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Red-figure amphora. On one side three nude male athletes exercising. The figure on the left is a discobolus holding a discus; the figure in the center is preparing to throw a rod; and the figure on the right is a boxer preparing for a match. An inscription surrounds the central figure: 'ΛΑΔΑMΑΣ, Λαδάμας' on the right, 'Φ]άϋλλος' on the left, and 'KA', 'ΛΟΣ', and 'καλός' above him. On the other side Apollo, Artemis and Leto are depicted with a deer and panther standing behind them. Apollo's name is inscribed on the right: 'APOΛΛONOΣ, Άπολλώνος'., Dates to c. 520-500 BCE., British Museum. “amphora.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed July 5, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399175&partId=1&searchText=sport&page=86
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Amphora with Boxers
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Black-figure amphora depicts on the shoulder two nude male athletes boxing with a winged goddess above them. Near the boxers legs is an inscription., Dates to c. 550-510 BCE. Inscription in Greek near the boxers' legs reads NIKOSTHENES EPOIESEN 'Nikosthenes made [this]'.
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Amphora with Boxers
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Black-figure amphora depicts on the shoulder two nude male athletes boxing with a winged goddess above them. Near the boxers legs is an inscription., Dates to c. 550-510 BCE. Inscription in Greek near the boxers' legs reads NIKOSTHENES EPOIESEN 'Nikosthenes made [this]'.
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Amphora with Boxers
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Fragmentary black-figure amphora depicting nude boxers near a prize dinos., Dates to c. 6th century BCE., British Museum. “amphora.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 24, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1626275&partId=1&searchText=egyp
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Amphora with Boxers
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Fragmentary black-figure amphora depicting nude boxers near a prize dinos., Dates to c. 6th century BCE., British Museum. “amphora.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 24, 2017. http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1626275&partId=1&searchText=egyp
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Amphora with Wrestlers
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Black-figure amphora depicting four male figures. Two nude athletes wrestle in the center with one kneeling looking back towards another nude figure on the left. On the other side is a draped man wearing a wreath and holding a staff., Dates to 515-500 BCE., British Museum. “amphora.” The British Museum Collections Online. Accessed May 24, 2017.http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399795&partId=1&searchText=greek