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Negotiating Treaties and Land Claims
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This article discusses the use of land on Manitoulin Island and analyses the issues of property and land rights between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities.
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New Castle News, August 5, 1920
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New Castle News reports that soldiers and veterans have been given land that had initially belonged to the Cree Communities. The property the veterans got was a form of payment for serving their county. The newspaper article also mentions the communities involved, and how much land were broken up.
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Northern Plains Borders and the People in Between 1860-1940
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--Description taken from "Northern Plains Borders and the People in Between 1860-1940"--
Northern Plains Borders and the People in Between is a transnational history of colonialism and mixed, mobile indigenous people in the borderlands of the northern Great Plains from 1860 to 1940. Based on archival documents from Canada and the United States, it focuses on social, spatial, political and legal developments. It demonstrates that when American and Canadian militaries invaded, they relied on and targeted mixed indigenous communities. Members of these communities were affiliated with tribes across the region, and moved often and far. As they mixed and moved, they were involved in the many different conflicts that wracked the Northern Plains after 1860, and they physically linked period violence in Canada and the United States. Subsequently, both countries incorporated Plains inhabitants through Indian treaties and state status categories that created mutually-exclusive, spatialized legal classifications—American or Canadian, Sioux or Cree, Métis, Indian, citizen, or alien. These classifications conveyed different rights, and status and rights were tightly tied to particular places, like homesteads, or nations or specific Indian reservations. One’s legal status thus had direct material implications, linking boundaries of race, place, tribe, and band to land. On both sides of the international line, these social and spatial borders criminalized mixture and mobility. With the concurrent spread of allotment and tribal enrollment, many borderlands indigenes were left stateless—they were excluded from every legal category through which Canada and the U.S. allocated status and rights. This study shows how statelessness flowed through prior racial, tribal and spatial classifications—like enrolled member of the U.S. Turtle Mountain Chippewa Indians. It wasn’t just the international boundary that created indigenous statelessness, but the multi-faceted and layered boundary-making of settler colonialism. For indigenous people, tribal membership boundaries, or enrollment, became the most significant aspect of allotment, both in terms of land loss and in terms of enduring community consequences. This dissertation concludes that statelessness originated not in overseas imperialism but in the earlier colonization of the continent. It also finds that the most critical implications of statelessness were material: stateless indigenes were not just landless, or homeless, but worse—their mere presence was forbidden everywhere. Legally, they had the right to occupy no place, no space. In this context, people contested their statelessness, pursuing legal status, rights and property into the 20th century. This study maps that ongoing political activity and associated mobility, revealing enduring indigenous geographies in a period when Indian people have been considered politically inactive, and reservation-bound. It shows how, into the 1940s, indigenous mixture and movement entwined Canadian and American histories, making them not just parallel but inseparable. Ultimately, it engages discussions of space, power, violence, law and the state as they relate to histories of borderlands, frontiers, and the West, Native Americans, First Nations, immigration and race.
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Okimasis (Pile of Bones)
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This document is about a story told by Okimasis., There are two other documents that are on database, both are rough copies.
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Okimasis (Pile of Bones)
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This document is about a story told by Okimasis., There are two other documents that are on database.
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Okimasis (Pile of Bones)
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This document is about a story told by Okimasis., There are two other documents that are on database.
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Paper Talk
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--Description taken from "Paper Talk"--
The pre-1960 history of books and libraries in Canada, as they relate to First Peoples, has gone largely untold. This thesis explores the relationships between the introduction of western print culture among Aboriginal people by missionaries, the development of libraries in the Indian schools in the nineteenth century, and the establishment of community accessible collections in the twentieth century. Missionaries and the Department of Indian Affairs envisioned books and libraries as assimilative and “civilizing” tools. Some Aboriginal people, on the other hand, articulated western ideas of literacy, books and libraries as tools to assist their own cultural and social needs.
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Patterns of foster care in Saskatchewan
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- Description taken from "Patterns of foster care in Saskatchewan" -
This study of former foster children from Saskatchewan examines three aspects of their circumstances: their care experience, Kinship, and early adult lives. Data collection took place between 1985-1986. Using the children's files, the care careers of 206 children born between January 1964 and July 1966 were detailed. Ninety-one were interviewed, 67% of whom were of Native ancestry. These children were brought into care with their siblings because of a cycle of neglect, alcohol abuse, abandonment and marital difficulties. The children averaged 9.7 placements in 10.9 years in care. Factors linked to placement instability were: number of admissions, race, in-care abuse, inappropriate care, and education. Educational achievement was low. Approximately half of the young people used Saskatchewan's post-care educational financial support provisions. These young people had not experienced placement instability, inappropriate care, and ear1y independence. Three kinds of abuse -- physical, sexual, and exploitation -- were experienced in-care by 27% of the interviewees. An additional 32% described aspects of their care as inappropriate, including excessive punishment, neglect, inequitable treatment and inappropriate placements. Social workers never acted to protect the chi1dren-in-care from abuse. Despite these difficulties, 57% assessed their care as 'good' and 85% said being in care had either improved their lives or had had no effect. These careleavers were doing less well than their non-care peers. They had an unemployment rate of 42.5%; high income assistance receipt; were less 'happy'; and 42% of the women's children - 57% of the men's -- were being reared by others. It was argued a care-poverty-care cycle had been established. An outcome profile was developed which showed the Native interviewees fared particularly poorly. The lowest quartile were described as 'The Troubled Twenty'; the circumstances of those in the third quartile were precarious. Those individuals in the top half were managing well. The relationship factors associated with a better outcome were: frequent foster family contact at interview; the presence of friends in early adulthood; and either no biological family contact or else regular family contact while in-care. The careleavers who had experienced good quality care maintained foster family relationships into adulthood.
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Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process within Canada
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--Description taken from "Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process within Canada"--
This ethnographic dissertation study contains a total of six chapters. Chapter One provides an introduction to the topic, “Perspectives of Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders on the Treaty Process within Canada.” It also discusses the following: the purpose of the study; the rationale & justification for an interdisciplinary approach; the research methodology; the definition of terms; the limitations of the study; assumptions; and the ethical protocols applicable to this study. Chapter Two provides a review of literature pertaining to the various theoretical and methodological considerations to be addressed within this study. These include the traditional “Rankean approach” to the study of history; that termed within Western academia as “Oral History,” combined with that termed as “Oral Tradition;” that termed as “Dakota Oral Tradition;” and that termed within Western academia as “Outsider vs. Insider Research.” Chapter Three provides a review of the history of the treaty negotiation processes that occurred both in the United States and Canada and concludes with an analysis of research findings to date. Chapter Four reviews previously written documentation pertaining to the Dakota/Lakota treaty negotiation process within Canada and concludes with an analysis of research findings to date. Chapter Five discusses in detail the data collection process employed for this study. In addition, the data generated from the interviews with the Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders regarding their perspectives on treaty are presented. Chapter Six provides a synthesis and analysis of research findings for the data collected from the Saskatchewan Dakota/Lakota Elders during the interview process. In addition, an epilogue is provided regarding the implications of the research for the treaty negotiation process of the Dakota/Lakota people within Canada. In this way the findings of the study are placed within the context of the Native-White treaty relationship currently evolving and being negotiated within the province of Saskatchewan. Recommendations are also presented to assist and enhance the contemporary political and legal position of the Dakota/Lakota First Nations within Saskatchewan in their efforts to either sign adhesion to the Numbered Treaties, or to adhere to an alternate treaty protocol agreement with the Canadian federal government, which would include provisions regarding land, as well as related treaty benefits and annuities.
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Perspectives on Past and Present Waste Disposal Practices
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- Description taken from "Perspectives on Past and Present Waste Disposal Practices" -
The impact of current and historical waste disposal practices on the environment and human health of Indigenous people in First Nations communities has yet to be adequately addressed. Solid waste disposal has been identified as a major environmental threat to First Nations Communities. A community-based participatory research project (CBPR) was initiated by the Saskatoon Tribal Council Health and Family Services Incorporated to investigate concerns related to waste disposal in three Saskatchewan First Nations Communities. Utilizing a qualitative approach, we aimed to gain an understanding of past and present waste disposal practices and to identify any human and environmental health concerns related to these practices. One to one interviews and sharing circles were conducted with Elders. Elders were asked to share their perspectives on past and present waste disposal practices and to comment on the possible impacts these practices may have on the environment and community health. Historically waste disposal practices were similar among communities. The homeowner generated small volumes of waste, was exclusively responsible for disposal and utilized a backyard pit. Overtime waste disposal evolved to weekly pick-up of un-segregated garbage with waste disposal and open trash burning in a community dump site. Dump site locations and open trash burning were identified as significant health issues related to waste disposal practices in these communities. This research raises issues of inequity in the management of waste in First Nations Communities. It highlights the need for long-term sustainable funding to support community-based waste disposal and management strategies and the development of First Nations centered and delivered educational programs to encourage the adoption and implementation of waste reduction, reutilization and recycling activities in these communities.
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Photograph of Thomas Clarke
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A portrait of Thomas Clarke, Anglican missionary and former principal of Battleford Industrial School in the late 1800s.
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Pimacesowin (To Make your own way)First Nation Governance through an Autonomous Non-Government Organization
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--Description taken from "Pimacesowin (To Make your own way): First Nation Governance through an Autonomous Non-Government Organization: The Experience of the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation Health Services Inc. In Northern Saskatchewan"--
This thesis examines the history and governance experiences of a First Nation Health organization in northern Saskatchewan. It describes the case study of the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation Health Services Inc. within the context of a broader governance debate on the role of the State and civil society. It applies the integrated model which blends both views and acknowledges the continuing significance and link between the State and society in the management of public services. It suggests that society and First Nations, as the PBCN story demonstrates, can do a better job identifying and meeting their own needs through their own governance systems. The thesis also makes some recommendations and identifies topics for further study from the lessons learned in the governing experiences of the Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation Health Board.
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Plains Cree Identity
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In this article, Neal McLeod examines the Plains Cree Identity, and that the Cree culture did change.